Sarah Chapman- Invasive Species

 Invasive species are organisms that are introduced to ecosystems outside their native range, where they often thrive at the expense of local species and habitats. Their effects on ecosystems can be significant and multifaceted, often leading to environmental, economic, and social challenges. Invasive species often outcompete native species for resources such as food, water, and shelter. For example, invasive plants like kudzu in the southeastern United States grow rapidly and overshadow native vegetation, preventing their growth and reducing biodiversity. Some invasive species act as predators or parasites to native species. For instance, the introduction of the brown tree snake to Guam caused the extinction of several bird species by preying on their eggs. Invasive species can change the physical structure of habitats, for example, Beavers introduced to South America build dams that alter water flow and wetland dynamics, impacting local species dependent on those ecosystems, and aquatic invasive plants, like water hyacinths, can clog waterways, reduce oxygen levels, and alter aquatic ecosystems. Invasive species may carry pathogens that local species have no immunity against. For instance, the American chestnut tree was devastated by the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), introduced from Asia. Invasive species can interbreed with native species, leading to hybridization. This may reduce the genetic purity of native species or even lead to their extinction. For example, hybridization between native trout species and introduced trout has diminished pure populations. Invasive species can disrupt agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, leading to significant financial losses. For instance, zebra mussels in North America clog water intake pipes and damage infrastructure, costing millions of dollars annually in management and repairs. There are a few case studies in which invasive species impact come into effect, like Asian Carp in U.S. Waterways. These fish consume large amounts of plankton, disrupting food chains and threatening native fish species and ecosystems. Another is European Starlings in North America which were introduced in the 19th century, these birds outcompete native species for nesting sites and food, contributing to declines in biodiversity. Invasive species highlight the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the unintended consequences of human activities, such as global trade and travel, that facilitate their spread. Addressing this issue requires international cooperation, innovative science, and community engagement.